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 It is believed that the Bronze Age of the Trans-Urals began with the migration of the Poltavka, Catacomb, and Abashevo tribes from Eastern Europe. This resulted in the appearance of the Sintashta culture. Then, at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, Petrovka was formed based on Sintashta, and based on Petrovka, next, Alakul was formed. But the Sintashta ceramic tradition has no distinct prototypes in Eastern Europe. On the other hand, studying the morphology and technology of making pottery shows that these features are noticeably present in the early Alakul and Petrovka. In addition, the early Alakul ceramics was not formed from the Petrovka traditions but directly from the Sintashta ones. Therefore, Petrovka and early Alakul co-occurred with the Sintashta formation in neighboring areas to the east and northeast. Their formation resulted from the Sintashta migration when some Eastern European communities were displaced to the east. The Poltavka and Sintashta communities had taken part in this process. Then, at the end of the Sintashta period, under the pressure of the Fyodorovka tribes who came from the east, a part of the Alakul population was forced out of the forest-steppe into the steppe, and the dominance of the Alakul culture began in the western part of the Andronovo area.

Late Bronze Age, Trans-Urals and Kazakhstan, Pottery, Forms and Ornamentations, Technologies